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الماء المقطّر في المستشفيات

عربي داخل الصفحة نفسها · المخطط والصور والآلة الحاسبة في مواضعها الأصلية

الماء المقطّر في المستشفياتDistilled Water in Hospitals


يُحتاج الماء المقطّر في المستشفيات لتشغيل أجهزة التعقيم (autoclaves)، وفي الورشة لصيانة بطاريات الرصاص الحمضية في السيارات وأنظمة التغذية الاحتياطية. ولا يجوز استخدام ماء الحنفية العادي في التطبيقات التقنية لأنه يحتوي أملاحاً معدنية؛ فالمعادن مهمة لجسم الإنسان لكنها ضارة بكل تطبيق تقني. والماء التقني يجب أن يكون خالياً من المعادن والمواد الصلبة الأخرى. Distilled water is needed in hospitals for running autoclaves and in the workshop for the maintenance of lead-acid batteries for cars and electrical backup systems. Normal tap water must not be used for technical applications because it contains minerals. Minerals are important for the human body, but harmful for any technical application. Technical water has to be free of minerals and other solids.
ومع الأسف تختلف جودة الماء المقطّر اختلافاً كبيراً؛ ففي مستشفيات البلدان النامية يُستخدم عادةً ماء حنفية بسيط بدلاً من الماء المقطّر، وقوارير الماء المقطّر التي تُشترى من الأسواق أدنى بكثير من المعايير الأوروبية أو الأمريكية. وفي كثير من الأحيان تكون هذه «المياه المقطّرة» ماء حنفية عادياً. Unfortunately the quality of distilled water is very different. Specially in the hospitals of developing countries usually simple tap water is used instead of distilled water and the bottles of distilled water you can buy in the streets is far behind European or US standards. Often these 'distilled waters' are also just normal tap water.
وهذا يسبب مشكلات كثيرة: تتلف بطاريات السيارات سريعاً بعد إعادة التعبئة والتشغيل، ويشكو العاملون في غرف العمليات من تلف أسطح أدواتهم الجراحية الغالية. This causes a lot of problems. Car batteries will be destroyed soon after refilling and operating theatre personnel complain about the damaged surfaces of their expensive surgical instruments.
لمنع هذه المشكلات من المهم التأكد من استخدام ماء مقطّر جيد الجودة فقط، ومهمة فني المستشفى فحص جودة المياه بانتظام، وأسهل طريقة لذلك قياس موصلية الماء المقطّر. To prevent these problems it is important to make sure that only distilled water of good quality is used. It is the task of the hospital technician to check the water quality frequently. The easiest way to do so is the measurement of the conductance of the distilled water.



الموصلية الكهربائية: الموصلية (conductance) ليست إلا مقلوب المقاومة.
Electrical conductance
The conductance is nothing else but the reciprocal of the resistance.

رمزها G وتُقاس بـ S/m (سيمنز لكل متر) أو µS/cm. The unit is G and it is measured in S/m (Siemens per meter) or µS/cm.

G = 1/R أو R = 1/G    G = 1/R                or                 R = 1/G
[µS/cm] = 1/[Ω]    [µS/cm] = 1/[Ω]

في الهندسة الكهربائية تُستخدم الموصلية للتعبير عن خاصية المادة. In electrical engineering the conductance is used to express the property of a material.

مثالExample: موصلية النحاس 58:    Copper has a conductivity of 58
أي إن متراً واحداً من النحاس بمقطع 1 mm² عند 20°C له 58 S                  that means: 1 m of copper with 1 mm² at 20°C has 58 S
(أو بالطبع 58 S = 0.0172 Ω)                  (or of course 58 S = 0.0172 Ω)

ويمكن أيضاً قياس موصلية السوائل مثل الماء، وتُقاس حين يكون سطح الأقطاب 1 cm² والمسافة بينها 1 cm. But also the conductance of liquids like water can be measured. Then the conductance is measured when the electrodes have a surface of 1 cm² and are placed in a distance of 1 cm to each other.



موصلية الماء: موصلية الماء ليست ثابتة، بل تعتمد على المواد الصلبة الذائبة فيه وبخاصة المعادن. والماء المقطّر شبه نقي وموصليته منخفضة جداً؛ وكلما كان الماء أنقى كانت الموصلية أقل (أو المقاومة أعلى).
Conductance of water
The conductivity of water is not fixed. It depends on the dissolved solids specially on minerals. Distilled water is almost pure and has a very low conductance. The purer the water, the lower the conductance (or the higher the resistance).


التقطير يعني غلي الماء وتكثيف البخار، والناتج خالٍ من المواد الصلبة الذائبة، وفي الممارسة تكون الموصلية أقل من 10 µS/cm. Distilling means boiling water and condensing the steam. The result is free of dissolved solids. In practice the conductance is less than 10 µS/cm.

يعرض الجدول التالي أنواع المياه المختلفة وموصلياتها؛ أقل موصلية للماء المقطّر وأعلاها لماء البحر المالح. The following table shows the different waters and their conductances. The lowest conductance has distilled water and the highest the salty sea water.

نوع الماء Water الموصلية [µS] Conductance [µS] ملاحظات Remarks
ماء مقطّر Distilled water 7 - 20
ماء مقطّر Distilled water 7 - 10 وفق VDE 510 According VDE 510
ماء المطر Rain water 5 - 50
ماء الشرب Drinking water 300 - 750 وفق WHO According WHO
ماء جوفي Ground water 30 - 2,000
ماء نهر River water 1,000 - 5,000
ماء بحر Sea water 45,000 - 56,000

للتطبيقات التقنية لا يُؤخذ إلا الماء المقطّر، وحتى بين المياه المقطّرة توجد فروق؛ فالماء المقطّر بموصلية 15 أو حتى 30 µS/cm يصلح لأجهزة التعقيم لكنه غير كافٍ لبطاريات الحمض. For technical applications only distilled water must be taken. And even among distilled water there are differences. While a distilled water with 15 or even 30 µS/cm can be used for sterilizers it is not good enough for acid batteries.
ومتطلبات الماء المقطّر للتطبيقات التقنية هي: The requirements of distilled water for technical applications are:

ماء مقطّر Distilled water الموصلية [µS] Conductance [µS] ملاحظات Remarks
لأجهزة التعقيم For sterilizer حتى 15 µS up to 15 µS المعيار الأوروبي EN 285 European Standard EN 285
حتى 30 µS up to 30 µS وفق Melag According Melag
لبطاريات الحمض For acid batteries حتى 10 µS up to 10 µS



المشكلات الشائعة: حين تكون جودة الماء المقطّر سيئة جداً أو يُستخدم ماء الحنفية العادي تحدث المشكلات التالية:
Common Problems
When the quality of distilled water too bad or just normal tap water is used the following problems will occur.

ينخفض العمر المتوقع لبطاريات الحمض انخفاضاً كبيراً وتتلف البطاريات سريعاً. The life expectancy of acid batteries drop significantly and batteries will be destroyed soon.
تتأثر أسطح الأدوات الجراحية وتتلف بالتفاعلات الكيميائية. The surface of surgical instruments get effected and destroyed by chemical reactions.
ترسبات الكلس تؤثر في عمل عناصر التسخين وحسّاسات الحرارة والمستوى. Deposits of lime effects the function of heating elements and temperature and level sensors.
أجهزة التعقيم الحديثة لا تعمل أصلاً إذا كانت جودة الماء سيئة؛ فهي مزودة اليوم بمقياس موصلية داخلي يفحص جودة الماء آلياً فور التشغيل. Modern sterilizers will not even start when the water quality is too bad. Nowadays they are equipped with an internal conductivity meter that checks the water quality automatically right after switching on.
ولذلك فإن الفحص المنتظم لموصلية الماء ضروري. Therefore a regular check of the water conductance is essential.

أدوات تالفة بسبب ماء رديء في عملية التعقيم.
Damaged instruments, caused by poor water at the sterilization process.



أجهزة القياس: من حيث المبدأ يمكن قياس موصلية الماء بمقياس مقاومة (أو ميغا أوم)، لكن للحصول على نتائج قابلة للمقارنة وموثوقة يجب أن تُؤخذ في الحساب مسافة الأقطاب وحجمها ومادتها، لذا فإن مقياس الموصلية المخصص (conductivity meter) هو الخيار الأفضل؛ فأجهزته ذات شاشة رقمية وسهلة الاستخدام، وسعره ليس أعلى من مقياس متعدد رقمي.
Measurement Equipment
In principle the conductance of water can be measured with an (mega-) ohm meter. But to get comparable and reliable results the distance of the electrodes, the size and the material of the electrodes have influence of the measurement result. A special conductivity meter is the best choice. The instruments have a digital display and are easy to use. A conductivity meter is not more expensive than a digital multimeter.


ينبغي أن يوجد مقياس موصلية رقمي في كل مستشفى، أو على الأقل في كل ورشة صيانة. (هذه الصورة بالمناسبة تُظهر فحص «ماء مقطّر» اشتُري من محل مستلزمات سيارات في تنزانيا...!)
A digital conductance meter should be present in every hospital or at least in every hospital workshop.

(This image by the way shows the test of a 'distilled water' bought in a shop for car parts in Tanzania...!)

ينبغي أن يكون القياس المنتظم لجودة الماء جزءاً من صيانة جهاز التعقيم. A regular measurement of the water quality should be part of the sterilizer maintenance.



البدائل: استخدام أفضل جودة ماء مقطّر، وبخاصة لبطاريات الحمض. ويجب أن يكون الماء أقل من 10 µS، وقبل شراء كميات كبيرة من الماء المقطّر افحص جودته أولاً بمقياس الموصلية، ولا تثق بملصقات القوارير؛ ففي تنزانيا مثلاً لا يوجد «ماء مقطّر» معروض للبيع يطابق المعيار الدولي، بل كله ماء حنفية عادي.
Alternatives
Specially for acid batteries use only the best quality of distilled water. The water should have less than 10 µS. Before buying bigger amounts of distilled water check the quality first with the conductance meter. Do not trust the labels of the bottles. In Tanzania for example none of the distilled water you can buy are distilled water according the international standard. They are just normal tap water.


إذا لم تستطع شراء ماء مقطّر بالجودة الكافية فاقطّره بنفسك: اغال الماء وكثّف البخار واجمعه، وهذا يعمل جيداً للكميات الصغيرة كصيانة بطاريات السيارات. If you can not buy distilled water in adequate quality distil it yourself. Boil water, condense the steam and collect it. That works fine for small amounts like for the maintenance of car batteries.

البديل عن الماء المقطّر لتشغيل أجهزة التعقيم هو ماء المطر؛ فهو مكثّف أصلاً وخالٍ من المعادن، وهو مجاني وموصليته جيدة جداً (15 µS في تنزانيا). The alternative to distilled water for running autoclaves is rain water. Rain water is already condensed and it is free of minerals. It is for free and the conductance is very good (15 µS in Tanzania).
وقبل استخدام ماء المطر في أجهزة التعقيم يجب ترشيحه؛ فماء المطر يحمل تلوثاً من الهواء وأوساخاً من السطح وأنابيب التجميع، ويكفي مرشح شبكي بلاستيكي بسيط، ولا حاجة لمرشحات تنقية المياه الغالية. Before using the rain water for sterilizers the rain water has to be filtered. Rain water contains pollution from the air and dirt from the roof and the collecting tubes. A simple plastic mesh filter is enough. Expensive water purification filters are not needed.

لا تستخدم أبداً ماء البئر أو الحنفية في أجهزة التعقيم! Never use ground or tap water for sterilizers!

المزيد عن اختبارات المياه التي أجريتها في مستشفى CCBRT في تنزانيا تجده هنا: More about my water tests at the CCBRT-Hospital in Tanzania you find here:
Water quality test



روابط ومصادر
Links and sources
     
Wikipedia: Water
     Wikipedia: Water purification
     Wikipedia: Distilled water
     Wikipedia: Electrical conductance


النص الإنجليزي الأصلي

Distilled Water in Hospitals


Distilled water is needed in hospitals for running autoclaves and in the workshop for the maintenance of lead-acid batteries for cars and electrical backup systems. Normal tap water must not be used for technical applications because it contains minerals. Minerals are important for the human body, but harmful for any technical application. Technical water has to be free of minerals and other solids.
Unfortunately the quality of distilled water is very different. Specially in the hospitals of developing countries usually simple tap water is used instead of distilled water and the bottles of distilled water you can buy in the streets is far behind European or US standards. Often these 'distilled waters' are also just normal tap water.
This causes a lot of problems. Car batteries will be destroyed soon after refilling and operating theatre personnel complain about the damaged surfaces of their expensive surgical instruments.
To prevent these problems it is important to make sure that only distilled water of good quality is used. It is the task of the hospital technician to check the water quality frequently. The easiest way to do so is the measurement of the conductance of the distilled water.



Electrical conductance
The conductance is nothing else but the reciprocal of the resistance.
The unit is G and it is measured in S/m (Siemens per meter) or µS/cm.

   G = 1/R                or                 R = 1/G
   [µS/cm] = 1/[Ω]

In electrical engineering the conductance is used to express the property of a material.

Example:    Copper has a conductivity of 58
                 that means: 1 m of copper with 1 mm² at 20°C has 58 S
                 (or of course 58 S = 0.0172 Ω)

But also the conductance of liquids like water can be measured. Then the conductance is measured when the electrodes have a surface of 1 cm² and are placed in a distance of 1 cm to each other.



Conductance of water
The conductivity of water is not fixed. It depends on the dissolved solids specially on minerals. Distilled water is almost pure and has a very low conductance. The purer the water, the lower the conductance (or the higher the resistance).

Distilling means boiling water and condensing the steam. The result is free of dissolved solids. In practice the conductance is less than 10 µS/cm.

The following table shows the different waters and their conductances. The lowest conductance has distilled water and the highest the salty sea water.

Water Conductance [µS] Remarks
Distilled water 7 - 20
Distilled water 7 - 10 According VDE 510
Rain water 5 - 50
Drinking water 300 - 750 According WHO
Ground water 30 - 2,000
River water 1,000 - 5,000
Sea water 45,000 - 56,000

For technical applications only distilled water must be taken. And even among distilled water there are differences. While a distilled water with 15 or even 30 µS/cm can be used for sterilizers it is not good enough for acid batteries.
The requirements of distilled water for technical applications are:

Distilled water Conductance [µS] Remarks
For sterilizer up to 15 µS European Standard EN 285
up to 30 µS According Melag
For acid batteries up to 10 µS



Common Problems
When the quality of distilled water too bad or just normal tap water is used the following problems will occur.
The life expectancy of acid batteries drop significantly and batteries will be destroyed soon.
The surface of surgical instruments get effected and destroyed by chemical reactions.
Deposits of lime effects the function of heating elements and temperature and level sensors.
Modern sterilizers will not even start when the water quality is too bad. Nowadays they are equipped with an internal conductivity meter that checks the water quality automatically right after switching on.
Therefore a regular check of the water conductance is essential.


Damaged instruments, caused by poor water at the sterilization process.



Measurement Equipment
In principle the conductance of water can be measured with an (mega-) ohm meter. But to get comparable and reliable results the distance of the electrodes, the size and the material of the electrodes have influence of the measurement result. A special conductivity meter is the best choice. The instruments have a digital display and are easy to use. A conductivity meter is not more expensive than a digital multimeter.


A digital conductance meter should be present in every hospital or at least in every hospital workshop.

(This image by the way shows the test of a 'distilled water' bought in a shop for car parts in Tanzania...!)

A regular measurement of the water quality should be part of the sterilizer maintenance.



Alternatives
Specially for acid batteries use only the best quality of distilled water. The water should have less than 10 µS. Before buying bigger amounts of distilled water check the quality first with the conductance meter. Do not trust the labels of the bottles. In Tanzania for example none of the distilled water you can buy are distilled water according the international standard. They are just normal tap water.

If you can not buy distilled water in adequate quality distil it yourself. Boil water, condense the steam and collect it. That works fine for small amounts like for the maintenance of car batteries.

The alternative to distilled water for running autoclaves is rain water. Rain water is already condensed and it is free of minerals. It is for free and the conductance is very good (15 µS in Tanzania).
Before using the rain water for sterilizers the rain water has to be filtered. Rain water contains pollution from the air and dirt from the roof and the collecting tubes. A simple plastic mesh filter is enough. Expensive water purification filters are not needed.

Never use ground or tap water for sterilizers!

More about my water tests at the CCBRT-Hospital in Tanzania you find here:
Water quality test



Links and sources
     Wikipedia: Water
     Wikipedia: Water purification
     Wikipedia: Distilled water
     Wikipedia: Electrical conductance


المصدر: Frank's Hospital Workshop — الصفحة الأصلية (توثيق) ↗ · العودة إلى المكتبة